Our 2017 is still in the Brampton plant, so I can't comment on issues for Android Auto for us.
However, try not having your phone paired as a workaround for now?
I know, at least with CarPlay and iPhone, you can have your iPhone *not* paired to the car's Bluetooth (only plugged in via USB with CarPlay running), and you can make/receive phone calls with the steering wheel controls (hold the voice button to access Siri) and in-car mic just fine.
I would assume that when you connect an Android phone, it will also link to the car's equipment via USB too.
So... I would go into your phone's BT settings and delete your Charger. Then go into the Uconnect head unit and delete your phone there as well (go to the phone menu, tap settings, and then the gear icon next to your phone name and delete it).
Then, connect your phone via USB and bring up Android Auto on your Uconnect display.
Press and hold the voice button on the wheel, Google's voice command system (not Uconnect) should launch... try to make a call. You should be able to hear it over the speakers in the car and use the in-car mic just fine. That would be a workaround for now.
As far as fixing the issue goes... I would go into your phone and delete every Uconnect listing in there, delete all your cars (sounds like you have more than one car). Reboot the phone. Re-pair to your Charger ONLY and see if the issue persists.
If it does, reset the Uconnect. On older cars, you held down the driver's temperature up and down buttons for about 10 seconds until the engineering menu came up. Then you scrolled down the list and hit reset to factory default. They *may* have tweaked it for MY17, but I don't see why they would have. Software is practically the same, we just get newer hardware (capactive touchscreen, faster processor, AT&T LTE modem instead of Sprint 3G for data access, etc).
Hope this helps. I will do some playing with our car once we have it in a few days and see if I can replicate this.
PS: What phone do you have, and what version of Android is it running? You can find your Android version by going into your phone's settings, scrolling all the way down, and tapping "about phone" or something similar and looking for "Android version" or "software version", something similar. It should be 5.X.X, 6.X.X, or 7.X.X.